Finland

Finland is a Nordic welfare state located in northern Europe. It is one of the world’s most northern and geographically remote countries, with about one-third of it lying north of the Arctic Circle. Nearly two-thirds of Finland is blanketed by thick woodlands, making it the most densely forested country in Europe. Finland aims to be carbon neutral by 2035 and is the happiest country in the world. The capital city is Helsinki.

HELSINKI -- Finland may be world's happiest country -- at least on the surface. But Helsinki's "underground city" tells a different story, beneath the capital, a massive network of bunkers and tunnels spreads out all across the city. There are than 5,000 bomb shelters in Helsinki -- enough to shelter more than the city's entire population -- and more than 50,000 bunkers across the country, according to Helsinki's Civil Defense Department. All buildings above a certain size are required by law to have their own bunkers.

It’s located

Finland, country located in northern Europe. Finland is one of the world’s most northern and geographically remote countries and is subject to a severe climate. Nearly two-thirds of Finland is blanketed by thick woodlands, making it the most densely forested country in Europe. Finland forms a symbolic northern border between western and eastern Europe: dense wilderness and Russia to the east, the Gulf of Bothnia and Sweden to the west.

The capital

Helsinki

The capital and largest city of Finland. It is the leading seaport and industrial city of the country. Helsinki lies in the far south of Finland, on a peninsula fringed by fine natural harbors that protrudes into the Gulf of Finland. The most northerly of continental European capitals, Helsinki is often called the “white city of the north,” because many of its buildings are constructed of a local light-colored granite

the most impressively urban things about Helsinki

which otherwise is a quite centrally planned and unobtrusive small city. This ‘deep urbanism’ is where Helsinki distinguishes itself as being different, and the fact that the city has an official underground city plan reflects this attitude to some degree.

Finland’ Official languages

Finnish and Swedish are the two official languages

There are more than 150 different languages spoken in Finland. Finnish and Swedish are the two official languages of Finland in addition to the two official languages, the country has other languages that have their 'users' rights written down in law. The indigenous populations of Finland speak the Sami languages. Other autochthonous languages that have a long history in the country include Karelian, Finnish sign language, Finnish Romani, and Finland-Swedish sign language.

Finland official religion

The main religion of Finland is the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland, of which about 82% of the people are members. A minority belongs to the Finnish Orthodox Church. Other Protestant denominations and the Roman Catholic Church in Finland are significantly smaller, as are the Muslim, Jewish and other non-Christian communities, the main Lutheran and Orthodox churches are the official churches of Finland but most of the population holds generally secular views. Many Finnish people do not actively practice religion.

World Heritage sites in Poland

 (Its 17 we choose just 9 ones from them

1-    Białowieża Forest

Bialowieza National Park is located in the north east of Poland in the Podlaskie voivodeship and covers an area of around 105 sq km. The park is part of the Białowieża Forest, which straddles the border between Belarus and Poland. Bialowieza National Park is well-known for two reasons. Firstly, it is home to Europe’s largest land mammal, the European bison and secondly, the park shelters a sizeable chunk of original lowland primeval forest; which has remained undisturbed for hundreds of years. The forest has been designated as one of the UNESCO World Heritage sites in Poland and a Biosphere Reserve.

2-    Auschwitz Birkenau

Auschwitz-Birkenau is synonymous with the Holocaust and the largest attempt at genocide in human history. More than a million Jews, and many Poles and Roma, were murdered here by German Nazis during WWII. Both sections of the camp, Auschwitz I and the much larger outlying Birkenau (Auschwitz II) have been preserved and are open to visitors. Everyone should visit Auschwitz at least once in their lives, it is a stern reminder of the horrors that human beings can inflict on each other and the only way to understand the extent and horror of the place and the atrocities that took place there.

3-    Malbork Castle

Malbork Castle in the north of Poland is the largest castle in the world measured by land area and was designated a World Heritage Site in December 1997 by UNESCO. Located on the east bank of the River Nogat, this Gothic brick-built fortress once belonged to the Teutonic Order, and it served as their headquarters for almost 150 years. Originally a fortress named Marienburg, the Teutonic Knights began this incredible construction in the 13th century, and the structure took shape in various stages. Initially, the construction consisted of a formidable central bastion called the High Castle.

4-    Centennial Hall in Wrocław

Centennial Hall was erected in 1911-1913 by the architect Max Berg as a multi-purpose recreational building and is a landmark in the history of reinforced concrete architecture. It was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2006. The building is frequently visited by tourists and the local populace. It lies close to other popular tourist attractions, such as the Wrocław Zoo, the Japanese Garden, and the Pergola with its Multimedia Fountain. The building became one of Poland’s official national Historic Monuments (Pomnik historii), as designated on 20th April 2005, together with the Four Domes Pavilion, the Pergola, and the Iglica. Its listing is maintained by the National Heritage Board of Poland. The building was designed to respond to emerging social needs and included an assembly hall, an auditorium for theatre performances, an exhibition space and a sports venue.

5-    Churches of Peace in Jawor and Świdnica

The Churches of Peace in Jawor and Świdnica, were built in the former Silesia in the mid-17th century. They were named after the Peace of Westphalia; which was the name given to two peace treaties signed in October 1648 that resulted in the end of the Thirty Years War bringing peace to the Holy Roman Empire and closing a calamitous period of European history that killed approximately eight million people. The peace treaties effectively eradicated the Evangelical Church in the region depriving the Evangelical majority of the population any religious freedom and all of their churches. After diplomatic intervention by Sweden, permission was granted to build three churches outside the city walls; however this permission came with strict physical and political constraints. One of the most interesting of the World Heritage sites in Poland!

6- Historic Centre of Kraków

The historic centre of Kraków has been featured on Unesco’s World Heritage List since 1978. Packed full of restaurants, museums, galleries and bars, the medieval layout of the Old Town has not changed for centuries. The heart and focal point of the historic centre of Kraków is its graceful main market square, the largest medieval town square of any European city. Most visitors to Kraków visit the market square with its Cloth Hall, the Church of the Holy Mary, Wawel Hill and its Royal Castle, Wawel Cathedral with its outstanding Renaissance chapel, the Barbican and St. Florian’s Gate. Wawel Royal Castle and the limestone Wawel Hill are extremely important historical and cultural sites containing one of the most important collection of buildings in Poland.

7-    Wieliczka Salt Mine

The Wieliczka Salt Mine is a UNESCO World Heritage site located around 14km southeast of Kraków and is one of Poland’s most popular attractions, welcoming tourists since 1722. Wieliczka Salt Mine is a subterranean labyrinth of tunnels, shafts and chambers, underground saline lakes, chapels with altarpieces, majestic timber constructions and unique statues sculpted in rock salt. The size of the mine is staggering, it reaches a depth of 327m and extends via horizontal passages and chambers for over 287 km distributed over nine levels. Only a small part of the mine is open to the public. The highlight of the mine is a vast chamber housing the ornamented Chapel of St Kinga. Everything that you will see within the chamber is made from salt including altarpieces and chandeliers.

8 - Tarnowskie Góry Lead-Silver-Zinc Mine

The Tarnowskie Góry Lead-Silver-Zinc Mine is a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Tarnowskie Góry, Upper Silesia, Poland. Today, it is a museum and tourist attraction. A mining settlement and the first silver-bearing ore mines emerged in the region at the turn of the 15th and 16th centuries, today the mine and neighbouring Black Trout Adit are just remnants of a bygone silver mining industry. During the mid-1930s, the idea to make part of the mine suitable for tourists was first considered but was put on hold due to the outbreak of World War II. The Tarnowskie Góry Land Lovers Association was founded in the 1950s to look at the feasibility of opening up a tourist route; which led to part of the drainage system called Black Trout Adit being opened to visitors in 1957. For a long time, this was the longest underground boat tour in Poland.

9 - Old City of Zamość

The Old City of Zamość is the oldest historic district of the city of Zamość and is unique in Poland as an almost perfectly preserved example of 16th-century Renaissance town planning. It was made a Unesco World Heritage site in 1992. The district was named one of Poland’s official national Historic Monuments, as designated 16th September 1994 and its listing is maintained by the National Heritage Board of Poland. The Old City Of Zamość was founded in the 16th century by a wealthy Polish nobleman, Jan Zamoyski (1542−1605), and was modelled on Italian theories of the ‘ideal city’. Jan hired a Paduan architect by the name of Bernando Morando to realise his dream. The layout of the town was supposedly designed to resemble the human body with the palace as its head.

The clothing

The traditional clothing

Key Elements of Traditional Finnish Clothing

1. National Costumes (Kansallispuvut)

National costumes are among the most recognized examples of Finnish traditional clothing. These costumes are region-specific, reflecting local culture, history, and materials. Designed for festivals and cultural events, the kansallispuvut became symbolic of Finnish identity during the 19th-century national awakening.

Women’s National Costumes

       Blouses

 Typically, white with lace or embroidery. Sleeves often feature puffed or ruffled designs.

     Skirts

 Long, colorful, and striped, they represent specific regions.

     Aprons

 Embroidered aprons add elegance and serve as decorative elements.

     Accessories

 Include brooches, scarves, and traditional hats.

Men’s National Costumes

     Shirts: Linen or cotton shirts with modest embroidery.

     Pants: Woolen trousers or breeches.

     Jackets and Vests: Often tailored and detailed with buttons.

     Belts: Wide, embroidered belts complete the look.

Sami Gákti

The gákti is a distinctive garment of the Sami people, the indigenous population of northern Finland. It features bright colors, intricate patterns, and designs that often signify family or regional affiliations. Both men and women wear the gákti, and it is commonly paired with fur boots and accessories like belts and jewelry.

Luhka

The luhka, a short cape worn in Lapland, is practical for harsh winters. Made of reindeer hide or wool, it provides warmth and is often decorated with traditional Sami patterns. The luhka is still used today during outdoor activities like reindeer herding.

Woolen Garments

Wool played a vital role in Finnish traditional clothing. Hand-knitted sweaters, socks, and mittens kept wearers warm during cold winters. The designs often feature geometric patterns inspired by Finnish nature.

 Leather Boots (Lapikas)

Traditional leather boots, or lapikas, were essential for navigating snowy terrains. Made from durable reindeer or cowhide, these boots were functional yet stylish, often embellished with simple embroidery.

Headgear and Accessories

•        Women’s Caps: Bonnets or headscarves were common and signified marital status.

•        Men’s Hats: Wide-brimmed felt hats were practical for outdoor work.

•        Scarves and Shawls: Often made of wool, they added both warmth and elegance.

Regional Variations in Finnish Clothing

Each Finnish region has unique designs and patterns, reflecting local traditions.

Western Finland

•        Known for vibrant, striped skirts and colorful aprons.

•        Men’s clothing includes tailored vests with detailed embroidery.

Eastern Finland

•        Features darker, earth-toned fabrics.

•        Women’s costumes often include intricate lacework.

Lapland

•        Sami garments dominate, with an emphasis on functional designs like the gákti and luhka.

Häme Region

•        Notable for simple yet elegant designs, including dark skirts and white blouses.

•        Accessories often include silver brooches.

Traditional Clothing in Finnish Festivals

Juhannus (Midsummer)

During Midsummer celebrations, many Finns don traditional costumes. Women wear floral wreaths, and the attire reflects the vibrant spirit of the festival.

Independence Day

On this national holiday, traditional costumes symbolize pride and heritage. Performers and attendees at cultural events often wear kansallispuvut.

Sami Celebrations

Festivals like the Sami National Day see widespread use of the gákti, celebrating the culture and traditions of the Sami people.

Revival and Modern Use of Finnish Traditional Clothing

Preservation Efforts

Organizations like the Finnish National Costume Council promote the preservation of traditional garments. Workshops teach techniques such as embroidery, weaving, and patternmaking.

Contemporary Influence

Modern designers incorporate traditional elements into contemporary fashion, blending the old with the new. Wool, embroidery, and regional patterns inspire everyday clothing and haute couture.

The festivals clothing

 Cultural Festivals

 Display regional pride during events like folklore festivals.

Family Gatherings

 Weddings, baptisms, and anniversaries often call for traditional attire.

National Holidays

 Showcase heritage during Independence Day or Sami National Day celebrations.

Craftsmanship Behind Finnish Traditional Clothing

The artistry involved in creating Finnish traditional clothing is remarkable. Skills like weaving, embroidery, and leatherworking are passed down through generations. The use of natural dyes and sustainable materials highlights Finland’s respect for the environment.

Handwoven Fabrics

Linen and wool are meticulously woven to create durable and beautiful textiles. Patterns often draw inspiration from Finnish landscapes, such as forests, lakes, and wildlife.

Embroidery and Ornamentation

Embroidery is a hallmark of Finnish traditional clothing. Common motifs include geometric shapes, flowers, and natural symbols.

Sustainability in Tradition

Finnish traditional clothing emphasizes sustainability. Materials like reindeer hide, wool, and natural dyes reflect a harmonious relationship with nature.

Where to Experience Finnish Traditional Clothing

Museums

The National Museum of Finland: Exhibits a vast collection of traditional garments.

Sami Museum Siida: Focuses on Sami culture and clothing.

Festivals and Events

Kaustinen Folk Music Festival: Features traditional costumes and music.

Sami Week in Inari: Showcases Sami attire and culture.

Workshops and Stores

 Local artisans and cultural centers often host workshops where visitors can learn about Finnish clothing traditions and purchase handmade items.

The Legacy of Finnish Traditional Clothing

Traditional Finnish clothing remains a cherished part of the country’s cultural heritage. Whether through national costumes, Sami attire, or modern adaptations, these garments continue to inspire and connect people to Finland’s history and identity. Embracing this legacy is a testament to the enduring power of tradition in a modern world.

The Role of Technology in Finnish Fashion

Technology plays a crucial role in shaping the contemporary fashion landscape, and Finland is at the forefront of this transformation. Finnish designers and brands are increasingly embracing innovative technologies to enhance their creations and streamline production processes.

 3D Printing

 Several Finnish designers are utilizing 3D printing technology to create intricate designs and reduce waste. This technology allows for the production of unique pieces with minimal environmental impact, aligning with the growing demand for sustainable fashion.

 Wearable Technology

Finnish companies are exploring the integration of technology into fashion, creating garments that monitor health or enhance functionality. This trend reflects a broader movement toward merging fashion with technology, appealing to a tech-savvy consumer base.

Digital Fashion Shows

 The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the adoption of digital platforms for fashion shows. Finnish designers have embraced this shift, hosting virtual runway presentations that reach a global audience. This innovation allows for greater accessibility and engagement with consumers.

Moreover, technology has also influenced how consumers engage with fashion. Online shopping platforms, social media, and augmented reality applications have transformed the retail experience, enabling Finnish brands to reach customers far beyond their geographical borders.

The Architecture in Finland

Kuokkala Church by OOPEAA Office for Peripheral Architecture, Jyväskylä, Finland

Sited on a hill in a residential neighborhood, the imposing gray-slate exterior of this church belies its warm interior, which is clad in a distinctive diagrid shell. Completed in 2010, the Kuokkala Church has been recognized with a number of international architecture awards, but more importantly it serves as a much-needed community hub.

Arctia Headquarters by K2S, Helsinki, Finland

Mikko Summanen of K2S was among the Finnish presenters at the symposium, not to be confused with fellow speaker Mikko Heikkinen. Summanen and two other founders got their big break with the Kamppi Chapel, aka the Chapel of Silence, a hive-like public building in the heart of Helsinki. The Arctia Headquarters is intended to resemble a seafaring vessel — in fact, it floats on one of the city’s many waterways.

Chapel of St. Lawrence by Avanto Architects, Vantaa, Finland

Architects Anu Puustinen and Ville Hara founded their firm in 2004, upon winning the competition to design the Chapel of St. Lawrence. Completed in 2010, the single-story building is located on a historically important site just outside of Helsinki. The brickwork is coated in a milky white that strongly, yet felicitously, contrasts with the slate floors below and copper ceilings above.

Seinäjoki Library by JKMM Architects, Seinäjoki, Finland

The Seinäjoki Library won the Popular Choice award for Architecture + Photography & Video in this year’s Architizer A+Awards, and it’s easy to see why. The photogenic building is adjacent to the Aalto Center, an administrative and cultural building that is widely regarded as one of his most significant works.

Kuopio City Theatre by ALA Architects, Kuopio, Finland

Continuing on the success of the Kilden theater and concert hall in Norway, ALA was also a finalist in this year’s Architizer A+Awards. The Helsinki-based firm renovated and expanded the Kuopio City Theatre, drawing inspiration from the existing structure, which dates back to the 60s. Connected via a bridge-like extension of the foyer, the new building echoes the rectangular shape of the original, and houses a studio stage as well as back-of-house chambers incorporating dressing rooms and building services.

Kirkkojärvi School by Verstas Arkkitechdit, Espoo, Finland

In addition to its long history of launching the careers of young architects through competitions, Finland is known for its education system, which consistently ranks among the best in the world. The Kirkkojärvi School in the suburbs of Helsinki showcases both sides — design and education — as an extensive learning facility for children age 6–16. According to architect Jussi Palva, Verstas “wanted to make a school that works like a small, lively city,” and they have certainly succeeded.

Sra Pou Vocational School by Architects Rudanko Kankkunen, Sra Pou, Cambodia

If the above project demonstrates how Finland is known for its education system, the young firm Rudanko Kankkunen brings the country’s cultural expertise to Southeast Asia. Originally conceived while the architects were students at Aalto University for a design studio, the project was subsequently realized in 2011. Everything from the design itself to the use of local materials and the transfer of knowledge were paramount.

Biofore House by Helin & Co. Architects, Helsinki, Finland

Forestry is a major industry in Finland, and Helin & Co.’s client UPM is the world’s second biggest forestry company. UPM’s new headquarters in central Helsinki was completed in 2013. The firm won the international competition with a building not of wood but concrete, steel, and glass, in keeping with contemporary convention for large-scale office buildings.

As global concerns about water scarcity and climate resilience intensify, the need for sustainable living practices has become more urgent than ever. Today, from residential buildings to museums, circular water systems are emerging as an important innovation, offering a blueprint for more responsible resource management. These systems prioritize reuse, recycling and conservation of water, transforming how buildings interact with their surroundings. Instead of depending only on external water supplies, circular strategies harness rainwater, treat greywater and integrate natural filtration methods to create closed-loop systems that drastically reduce consumption and waste.

Beyond environmental benefits

 circular water practices also enhance community resilience, providing greater independence in the face of growing climate instability. Architects and designers worldwide are increasingly incorporating these solutions into residential projects. From rainwater harvesting and advanced filtration to water-sensitive landscaping and integrated green infrastructure, today’s sustainable homes are setting new standards for how we live with water.

Upper House

Designed by Koichi Takada and his team, the Upper House in South Brisbane, Australia, features a multi-residential design including 188 apartments spread across 33 stories. Its striking architecture draws influence from the indigenous Moreton Bay Fig tree, signaling a transformative shift in multi-residential design. This development blends a connection to nature with high-quality design, resident wellbeing and environmental sustainability.

Energy-efficient systems, alongside using recycled and renewable materials, minimize ecological impacts while enhancing positive environmental effects. Furthermore, the building has been designed to cut water usage by 20%, and Upper House pledges to use 100% renewable energy for its electricity needs. The facility includes 194 bicycle spaces for residents and 48 for visitors and electric vehicle charging ports for 60 parking spots.

Dove

Dove contains a series of interconnected pavilions, each space is independently linked by various paths. Constructed using a combination of wood and concrete, the building is designed for optimal performance: it utilizes ground-source heating and cooling, produces electrical power through a large solar photovoltaic array, and sources water from an on-site well. The thermal design of the building envelope has been meticulously crafted to exceed the standards established by the building code.

Loma Sagrada House

Loma Sagrada House evolved from environmentally damaged land into a regenerative project. Unlike typical harmful constructions, it improved the land and preserved soil integrity with minimal earth movement, promoting quick natural regeneration. The project features eco-friendly structures, with the main building on the southern hillside, protected from strong winds. This eco-friendly approach enhances human health by minimizing electromagnetic radiation and ensuring comfort. Innovations include natural ventilation, solar protection, advanced shielding wiring, flicker-free lighting, water reuse, solar energy systems, safe water purification and a chemical-free pool.

Four Houses Pilares

Four Houses Pilares is a four-house complex featuring its own common amenities. The structure blends with its surroundings, and the houses are metallic, with floors made of beams and wooden panels that were left apparent. The interior floors and terraces are made of a grey stone from India called Caledonia. Additionally, wastewater is recycled and treated, lighting is automated for efficiency, and the windows feature state-of-the-art glass to conserve temperature and insulate against noise.

FRAGMENT Karlin

Fragment collaborates with Trigema development, Qarta architecture studio, and artist David Černý. According to its designers, this construction results from a harmonious blend of architecture, art and residential development. The building offers 140 fully furnished studio apartments. Additionally, Fragment is a contemporary energy-efficient structure utilizing advanced technologies. Its apartments feature geothermal heat pumps for heating and cooling and incorporate green roofs and rainwater retention systems. All apartments feature the Smart Home Loxone system, through which you can control your home through a single panel and app.

Lambkill Ridge

Designed as a getaway for a family of four, the architecture features two nearly identical volumes mirrored along a long, narrow boardwalk that connects the access road to the winding nature trails beyond. Elevated above the forest floor, the design aims to immerse the user in nature, offering stunning views of the barren lands and ocean from its loft spaces while promoting ecological vitality. The long ascent via the two-tiered stairwell and boardwalk reveals a subtly framed trailhead between the two darkened volumes. Created with a focus on being mostly off-grid, notable characteristics consist of a window engineered to optimize both thermal heat gain and passive ventilation for temperature regulation throughout the entire year, a toilet that burns waste, and a system for collecting and filtering rainwater.

Royal II

By William Kaven Architecture, Portland, Oregon

Royal II is a residential project in Portland, designed with a simple material palette of dark steel, concrete, glass and custom bronze-black cladding that grounds the house within the surrounding treescape. At the same time, an encircling green roof further blurs the distinction between architecture and forest. Royal II’s main level features a large, cantilevered living room with oak floors, kitchen and dining areas with built-in custom cabinetry and the primary bedroom suite, which opens onto a private sun deck.

The home’s daylight basement, partially embedded in the steep slope, is flooded with light from the skylight and east-facing windows. Off the den, a large ground-level terrace abuts a filtration planter that forms part of the concrete retaining wall and contributes to the home’s water reuse system.

White Rock

The private residential project, designed in 2023, near Gaspereau River Valley stands on Mi’Kmaq territory, rich in significance for the Acadian community that named the river after the gaspereau fish. White Rock serves as an escape. Approaching the cabin, its silhouette appears both imposing and delicately placed atop a rocky ridge with a simple design. The landscape design is raw, preserving a light footprint within the woodland setting. Rainwater is collected and stored for irrigation, while the existing trees offer shade from the intense sun during the brief, warm summer months.

Largest Ethnic Minorities In Poland

While almost 98% of the Polish population identify themselves as ethnic Poles, thousands of others call the country home as well. The Polish census of 2011 found that 1.44% of the 39 million Polish people are descendants of different ancestry. The major ethnic minorities groups recognized by the Polish government are the Germans, Belorussian, Ukrainian, Lemko, Roma, and the ethnic Jews. 39.5% of the majority of the ethnic minorities lives in Salesian, 28.3% in Opolskie Voivodship, and 11.7% in Podlaskie Voivodship. Recognized minorities in Poland take a 0.3% of the total population and are of a single ethnicity.

Germans

The Germans are the largest ethnic minorities in Poland with a population of about 49,000. However, the number is estimated to be higher, but the small turn up is due to the complication of multi-ethnicity identity and concealment during the communist regime. Most of the German minority, 92.9%, lives in Opole Voivodeship where a trace of the German language exists. The case is similar in schools where no single school in Poland is entirely German though some German-polish schools exist. Most of the German minorities practice Roman Catholicism and Lutheran Protestantism. The Germans started migrating to Poland during the medieval period. By the Middle Ages, their number was substantial in regions of Upper Silesia, Posen, and Pomerelia. After the WWI, most Lutheran Germans remained east of the Curzon line. The number dwindled during the second Polish Republic. The ethnic Germans sided with Germany in the prewar period and were involved in the massive massacre of the 450000 Poles and Jews during Adolf Hitler reign.

Belorussian

The Belorussians are the second largest ethnic minority group in Poland with a population of about 37,000 despite claims that the number maybe 3 or 4 times higher. Most of them live in Podlaskie Voivodeship and the active assimilation process to the Polish culture in the recent decades facilitated the decline. In the late 18th century, Poland took control of some eastern territories of Ruthenians, the ancestors of Belarusians. During this period many of the people were Polonized and lost the Belarusian identity. By 1921 under the Second Polish Republic their number was more 1 million. They had political influence largely in the lower chamber of the Polish Council. Schools operating entirely in The Belarusian language opened up, but since the government failed to support them, they eventually closed down. The lack of support from the central government led to years of oppression by the Polish government with no policy of protecting the minorities. The Polish aligned with the Nazi rule in Belarus regions, while the Soviet Union executed the war refugees.

Ukrainian

The presence of Ukrainians dates back to the late middle ages. At this time Poland ruled the Galicia and Western Volhynia, which the Ukrainian occupied. The Polish dynasty introduced the Ruthenian culture and oppressed the Orthodox faith. For years the Ukrainians were oppressed and forced to assimilate the Polish way of life. This annexation of Ukraine regions facilitated Polanization, and the people lost their identity. Today the relationship between the Ukrainians and the Poles is way calmer, and they coexist peacefully. However, the Polish government has restricted migration of the minorities group in the region. Even so, the Ukrainians have easy access to immigration permits though their number is about 36,000.

The Lemko of Poland

This minority ethnic group has faced a difficult time in Poland. Before the 20th century, the Lemko lived in the Lemkovyna, southeast of the country. When the interwar era erupted, the Lemko were forced to identify as either Ukrainian or Polish. Towards the end of the war, a misunderstanding occurred, and the Lemko identified as Ukrainian cooperatives leading to massive depopulation of villages hence scattering the Lemko. The effect lasted to this today. The scattering of the Lemko led to culture loss. Fear of ridicule of identifying as a Lemko facilitated the loss of culture. The fact that the community was once torn between two nationalities led to a lack of a national self-identity; the Polish assimilated them quickly. Presently, the Commonwealth Poland protects the rights of its citizens. The different ethnic groups coexist peacefully with each other.

Finland is Famous for

From the best of the world education system

Why Finland’s Education System is Unique

Finland’s approach to education is distinct from traditional systems. Here’s what makes it stand out:

No Standardized Testing: Students focus on learning, not memorizing for exams.

Highly Qualified Teachers: All teachers hold master’s degrees and are respected professionals.

Holistic Learning: Emphasis on life skills, collaboration, and problem-solving.

Equal Opportunities: Education is accessible to everyone, regardless of background.

A tricky language

Poland is the only country in the world where Polish is the national and official language. As an EU member, Polish is also an official language of the Union, Foreigners are quick to point out just how hard Polish can be to learn as a beginner. If you already speak a language Polish is closely related to, such as Czech, you might have a different view. However, for most, Polish remains very tough to master indeed, what makes Polish so unique is that it features many sounds not found in almost any other language. More than that, it uses a modified Latin alphabet to represent these sounds – unlike even most other Slavic tongues. for example, can you tell the difference between sz and rz? What about ż, ź, and dz? Polish orthography becomes only more complicated, and it’s notorious for its difficulty. Most native speakers don’t even know all of the various rules

 Pope John Paul II

For centuries, Poland has been at the heart of Christian Europe, with a very devout Catholic population that rivals only that of Italy in its dedication to the church, with that in mind, it is easy to imagine the excitement when a young Polish cardinal called Karol Józef Wojtyła was elected to be pope in 1978. He took on the name Jan Paweł II, or John Paul II as it is often rendered in English, John Paul II ended up becoming one of the longest-serving popes in all of history, remaining the head of the Catholic Church for most of the second half of the 20th century until his death in 2005 at 84 years old. today, the former pope is commemorated all over Poland. His likeness is displayed in the form of statues, postage stamps, and on coins, and other memorabilia. He is considered one of the most beloved Polish citizens to have ever lived and remains a national role model and icon.

 Mythology and folklore

Thanks to the internationally successful Witcher series of books, games, and TV shows, Polish mythology has now gone mainstream. but beyond legends of scary monsters, classic Polish folklore has a lot to offer! polish culture since the Middle Ages has been defined by a very strong and fast embrace of Catholic doctrine. At the same time, Polish people stuck with many of the Pagan Slavic myths, tales, and beliefs that their ancestors had believed in.

Polish Folklore and Myth

Used Book in Good Condition

 Asala, Joanne (Author)

English (Publication Language)

For example, there is the famous legend of Twardowski, a man who makes a pact with the devil to gain magical abilities and then tries to use his wits in order to keep his gift instead of going to hell.

There is a lot of Christian imagery here for sure. Not to mention the obvious parallels to Faust!

But at the same time, the way the devil and other supernatural forces work in this story is mostly drawn from old Pagan traditions.

This is why, especially for Western readers and viewers, Polish mythology can seem excitingly complex, foreign, and recognizable at the same time.

 The beautiful ceramics of Bolesławiec

You might not know this yet, but Poland is actually famous around the globe for a particular style of hand-made pottery, more specifically, it’s the ceramics made in the quaint little town of Bolesławiec. Situated in the picturesque Lower Silesia region close to Germany, Bolesławiec has been a center of traditional ceramics throughout Poland for centuries, and it’s made a name for itself far beyond its borders as well. the appeal is obvious if you’ve ever seen it in person: with their playful, abstract patterns and unique craftsmanship, Bolesławiec maintains a monopoly on a uniquely Polish traditional art style, since every individual piece is unique, and imperfect in its own way, there’s an element of exclusivity to it too!

Bolesławiec-style pottery is often sold at public markets in any of Poland’s major cities and tourist attractions. However, I recommend a trip to Bolesławiec itself for the real deal. And while you’re there, don’t miss the local Ceramics Festival, which runs for almost a week every year in August.

Boleslawiec is a must see place for all who love polish pottery. This town is located 130 km to the west from Wroclaw and it takes about 1,5h to get there. There are several different factories offering a hufe variety of colours and diseign. You will visit a factory where local guide will show you hole process of manufacturing. After the factory tour you will be able to shop in the several different pottery shops.

Milk bars

Of course, the best pierogi in the world isn’t going to be store-bought — you will need to head to an authentic Polish restaurant for the full experience. And for that, there’s no better choice than a real milk bar! Milk bars, or bary mleczne, are traditional establishments that flourished all over Poland under Communist rule. They offer canteen-style eating where you order simple meals by combining a few ingredients based on the menu of the day, the food at milk bars tends to be mainly traditional evergreens of the Polish cuisine — for example, Gołąbki, which are made of rice, meat, and vegetables rolled in boiled cabbage. Using time-tested cooking techniques and quality ingredients, the meals are known to punch far above their price as well.

Bison

European bison (Bison bonasus) in wintertime, Knyszyn Forest (Poland)

Apart from Belarus, Poland is the only European country today with a major population of bison in its Eastern forests! Many ventures into the Polish forests looking for these rare creatures, and they’re truly a sight to behold! It’s no wonder that the bison is also the national animal of Poland!

 Europe’s most ancient forest

Natural stand of Bialowieza Forest with standing water in morning sunny

Speaking of Poland’s amazing wildlife, most of it is concentrated in the Białowieża forest a gigantic expanse of flora and fauna that stretches on for hundreds of square kilometers at the border with Belarus. Białowieża is one of the few primeval forests still dotting Europe — that is, it harbors a time capsule of an ecosystem very similar to that which covered Europe millennia ago during prehistoric times. It is also by far the largest, Due to its unique status, Białowieża is protected by law. The forest contains practically no human settlement or influence, and its original condition is preserved as best as possible. This guided tour

Solidarność

Emblem of Independent Self-Governing Trade Union Solidarity on Historic Gate No. 2 of Gdansk Shipyard at Solidarnosci square.

 Gdańsk

Beautiful panoramic aerial photo from drone to old city Gdansk

The city of Gdańsk belongs to the largest metropolitan area in Poland’s North. Together with Gdynia and Sopot, it forms a tri-city area. the three are situated right on the Baltic sea coast, and because of that have always been an important center for European trade during the middle ages, Gdańsk was called Danzig, and it became a member of the Hanseatic league. The cultural exchange it experienced during this period continues to define the town even today, featuring a very unique blend of German and Polish elements, both in architecture, culture, and geography, Gdańsk is one of those places you definitely shouldn’t miss

Kashubian

Wiezyca village road information sign in Kashubian language.

It might surprise you to hear that Polish is not actually the only language widely spoken in Poland! Apart from the languages of neighboring Ukraine, Belarus, and Czechia, Poland is also known for having a whole group of native minority languages in its various regions.

 Kashubian is probably the most famous of these, and it is still spoken today in the country’s North, especially in the area surrounding Gdańsk. Kashubian is the native language of the Kashubian people, an ethnic minority native to this region, and their language is closely related to Polish, because Polish speakers can understand Kashubian quite well, it used to be seen as nothing more than an old-fashioned dialect. Only in recent times have the Kashubian people and their language been officially recognized as distinct from Polish.

 The Baltic Sea

The Baltic coast of Poland is known for its unique climate and beautiful beaches and cliffs. Some of these are protected as national parks, yes, it can get pretty cold here — even in the warmer months, I’d only recommend taking a dip if you’re a fan of winter swimming! But it more than makes up for that with the stunning views. it’s not just the mainland on the coast either. There are also many Polish islands in the Baltic, and they offer some of the best spas and resorts anywhere in Europe.

The Błędów Desert

Blendow Desert (Pustynia Blendowska) in Poland. The largest inland, far from any sea, area of loose sand in Central Europe. though Poland is usually imagined by foreigners as a cold wasteland of snow, forest, and not much else, reality begs to differ. Yes, Poland doesn’t just shatter stereotypes with its beautiful Baltic seascapes and lush islands, it also has a desert to boot!

 Polish manners

Young man kissing an elegant woman's hand

I have already mentioned how Polish culture evolved in its own unique way thanks to exposure both to Catholic ideology as well as ancient Slavic traditions. External influences from both East and West round out the picture, however, foreigners are often surprised to see just how differently Polish people interact compared to what’s normal in most other European cultures, for example, it is relatively common in Poland to practice a few small chivalrous gestures when meeting people in a social setting, many men still kiss women’s hands upon greeting them.

Dzień dobry is a common greeting in Poland

Polish people like saying “dzień dobry”, or “good day” in the elevator, the stairwell, down the hall at the workplace, and generally just about everywhere else. And if there is even a single line of dialogue beyond that, expect a firm handshake with lots of eye contact, also, be aware that it’s considered rude to not give up your seat in public transport to the elderly or pregnant women.

The stares

eye stare

A second note about that eye contact I mentioned: if you ever find yourself in Poland and everyone out in the street is looking for you in the eyes very intensely, don’t worry. It’s not one of those dreams where you forgot to put your clothes on, nothing’s wrong, this is just one more of those classic Polish mannerisms. Whenever passing anyone by, introducing yourself, or generally during any kind of social interaction even if small, Polish people like to, well, stare a bit, it’s not considered rude at all, and it isn’t a sign of anger, annoyance, or anything else. Still, for foreigners, the uniquely Polish way of making eye contact can be hard to adjust to.

 Vodka

Zubrowka, the original flavoured Polish vodka from Bison Grass herb

Editorial credit: Noemi Apostol / Shutterstock.com, Everyone knows it, some can’t stand it, and in Poland, plenty drink it straight up. Of course, I am talking about vodka or wódka as it is known here, while many consider vodka to be a Russian invention, there is plenty of historical evidence to suggest that that prize actually belongs to Poland — and either way, Polish vodka is some of the best in the world.

 Polish cinema

Throughout the last century and up to the current day, Poland has contributed a lot to the cinema of Europe and beyond. Masterful directors like Krzysztof Kieślowski, Roman Polanski, and Andrzej Wajda have made a name for themselves around the world, poland is also known for some more controversial cinematic figures, such as the “artist-pornographer” Walerian Borowczyk with both mainstream hits and avant-garde masterpieces, Poland has reserved a place for itself in the pantheon of high-class world cinema.

Kraków

The former capital of Poland, Kraków today is one of the most popular destinations in the country for many travelers. It’s easy to see why — its old town is picturesque and combines architectural styles from the early middle ages all the way up to 19th-century neoclassicism.

Kraków is also intertwined with many famous milestones of Polish history and folklore. There’s the legend of the great dragon that was said to live here in the 1300s. To this day, Wawel castle where the king of Poland reigned remains a major sight.

Darker chapters of Poland’s history also unfolded here. Kraków was the site of a major ghetto established during World War II, and Oskar Schindler’s factory was also just outside of town.

The Auschwitz concentration camp

Visit Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camps with a professional educator who will tell you about its history. Spend 3.5 hours learning about the millions of victims of the Holocaust.

We are sufficient with this amount of Finland famous for

Do and Don’ts

Don’t drink & smoke in public

This is strictly forbidden by law and you might get penalized by a police officer when doing so. Sadly, an explanation that you didn’t know won’t be enough for police officers as they take a strict approach to public drunkenness & smoking.

Take your hat off

If you’re entering someone’s house, public institutions or church as a gentleman, you should remove your hat. Women & children do not need to remove their hats indoors. A woman is required to take off her hat only for a substantial meal such as lunch or dinner. These rules do not apply to uniformed services.

Don’t great over the threshold

Get familiar with the superstition that we should avoid the greeting of guests at the door or over a threshold. Why shouldn’t we do that? In ancient Slavic times, people believed that evil powers from outside would be carried into the house when we greet guests over the threshold. the threshold has always symbolized the border between what is outside and inside, between danger and safety. Today this norm is considered as a sign of good manners, so ensure you follow it.

Don’t forget to try traditional polish food

Rather than satisfying your taste buds by eating pizza or kebab, head over to a traditional Polish restaurant and try out delicious Polish dishes, don’t forget that you’re in a country of pierogi and sausages and tasting local dishes is an integral part of getting to know a foreign country’s culture.

Give up your seat

If you see elderly citizens, a disabled person or a pregnant woman entering a tram, bus or train, don’t hesitate to give up your seat, It costs you nothing and such a small gesture will make their journey more comfortable. Poles grew up with these principles and values, where you help those in need as much as you can, so ensure to follow that social etiquette.

Don’t be caught jaywalking

You should only cross the road at signposted crossing points like zebra crossings. If you do not cross the road at a signposted point and you are caught by the police, you will be fined. Some Poles say that is a heritage of communist times; on the contrary, authorities say “dura lex sed lex.” Keep that in mind and stick to the law as others do.

Don’t point

Pointing at people or things is considered rude and boorish in Poland. Rather than using a finger to point at something, use a whole hand or nod your head at what you would like to indicate.

Have coins on you

Coins can be handy when you have to tip in Poland. Besides that, Polish shops tend not to have any change when you want to pay with a note so make sure you have some coins on you at all times, just in case.

Don’t forget to validate your bus or tram ticket

Tickets need to be validated by stamping or punching them immediately after boarding or before departure. You will find validators attached to a pole near the doors of the bus or tram. This way, you will avoid an unpleasant situation with the ticket controller, If you get caught having an unvalidated ticket, you will have to pay a fine on the spot; if you don’t pay, the inspector will call the police.

The security in and out Finland

          1- Finland is the safest country in the world

 for all people and population groups, on Thursday 20 May, the Government adopted the Report on Internal Security and submitted it to Parliament for consideration. The objective of the Report is that Finland will be an even safer country for all people and population groups in the future, the Report on Internal Security assesses the state of internal security in Finland and the national and global drivers of change affecting it, and it defines the internal security objectives and the direction of development until 2030, the drivers of change that are affecting Finland's internal security, such as

 inequality

marginalisation

 population ageing

polarisation

will increase without active actions and policies. Cyber-facilitated crime and cybercrime are increasing and developing rapidly. Global challenges such as climate change, biodiversity loss, migration and pandemics can cause inequality, bring on lack of prospects and deepen dividing lines.

According to a survey

Internal security policy is primarily based on prevention

96 per cent of Finns feel that their lives are safe. What kind of security problems a person faces in everyday life strongly depends on their personal situation, circumstances or experiences. “Marginalisation, social unease and multiple deprivation are still the biggest threats to Finland's internal security. Action is needed from society as a whole to combat these. The key objective of internal and external security measures is to safeguard fundamental and human rights for everyone”, says Minister of the Interior Maria Ohisalo.

This objective will be implemented for example by

-    shifting the focus of the authorities' activities from corrective services to prevention,

-    maintaining a high level of trust in internal security operators among all population groups and

-    ensuring that assistance is quickly available in emergencies throughout the country.

2-    The Applying to NATO

Finland to apply to NATO 'without delay,' as Sweden mulls stance with so much ground going unutilized, the city of Helsinki has converted some of its shelters into spaces for everyday public use. There's an underground playground, a shelter that doubles as a hockey rink, even an underground swimming pool. this is what it's like being Russia's neighbor. The two countries share an 800-mile border and a long, complicated history, For decades, Finland opted not to join any military alliance in an effort meant to appease Russia's security concerns. As a result, Finland had to ensure it could fend for itself. So, it's not just the bunkers; conscription is still mandatory for men, and the country has about 900,000 reservists. "We have to take care of the citizens, that's the main reason we have this system," said Tomi Rask, an instructor with Helsinki's Civil Defense Department, the invasion to Ukraine marked a turning point for Finland-Russia relations. Public support in Finland for joining NATO is skyrocketing from roughly 30% before the war to more than 70% in the weeks after the invasion.

According to the principle of "value-based realism," Finland remains committed to democracy, the rule of law, international law, human rights, peace, equality and non-discrimination. However, it must also engage with countries that do not emphasise these values in the same way, the report said.

How NATO factors into the Ukraine-Russia conflict

Russia has already threatened "serious military and political consequences" if Finland and Sweden join NATO, saying it will have to bolster its defenses in the region and that it could decide to place nuclear weapons in the Baltics. there are concerns about what could happen in the time period after Finland and Sweden submit their applications but before they formally join the alliance. The two countries now hoping to win over security assurances from allies, including the U.S.

Finns say now, is the time to act while Putin is busy with Ukraine. The war in Ukraine is prompting Finland, even with its 50,000 shelters and capable military, to decide it can no longer go it alone. It's likely giving Putin the very thing he worked so hard to prevent: NATO's expansion. "We are a small nation, we need help, we need friends. And from my point of view, maybe NATO is the friend that we need," said Rask.

4- The relations with Russia are frozen

Communication channels between public authorities have been maintained in sectors essential for Finland, for instance, in connection with border security, cooperation in crime prevention, transport and security of supply. the report said Finland will refrain from building political relations with Russia for as long as it continues its war of aggression in Ukraine and its violations of international law. However, it will strive to support efforts to expand the room for manoeuvre for civil society in Russia and will maintain and develop its knowledge of Russia.

According to the report,

at the moment, Finland is not facing an immediate military threat from Russia, but it must be prepared for the use or threat of military force against Finland, It is expected that Russia will continue its hybrid tactics against Finland — an example of this is the diversion of asylum seekers to Finland's eastern border. Finland will be more prepared to handle threats to critical infrastructure.

5- EU and its relationships with Finland

Despite the new alliances, the European Union will retain its position as Finland’s most "important community of values and security and channel of foreign policy influence." Finland's political and financial support, defence and humanitarian aid to Ukraine will continue as long as they are needed, the report said. The same will be pursued at the EU level. Finland also advocates for a stronger role for the European Investment Bank (EIB) in funding the defence industry.

According to the report

 in the face of the challenges posed by the war and the Covid-19 pandemic, the EU has shown its strength as a community of values. The will of European countries to join the European Union is a sign of the EU’s appeal, and "enlargement is back on the EU agenda"

6- No hard line on China

Although China is a tacit supporter of Russia in its war against Ukraine, the report emphasises realism in its dealings with the eastern superpower. No hard-line positions are taken. Both the United States and the EU view interdependencies and global challenges, such as responding to climate change, as necessitating cooperation with China. At the same time, China’s aims of controlling critical production and supply chains also pose a challenge to Finland and Europe. "We must be aware of the growing risks, prepare for them and prevent them," the report said.

7- Finland’s deportation law

Human rights organizations sound the alarm over the controversial measure. A controversial law allowing Finland to turn asylum seekers away at its long eastern border with Russia came into force Monday, despite criticism from human rights bodies that it violates international migration law and sets a dangerous precedent. the new law, proposed by the right-wing government and passed by lawmakers with an overwhelming majority, seeks to tackle what Prime Minister Petteri Orpo has called Russia’s “weaponization” of migration. Finland says it has faced an increase in asylum seekers from the Middle East and Africa and blames Moscow for stoking the influx — which the Kremlin has repeatedly denied. In April, Finland closed its 1,340-kilometer border with Russia indefinitely.

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“Instrumentalized migration is one way that Russia can put pressure on and affect the security and social stability of Finland and the EU,” the Finnish interior ministry told POLITICO. “This new act prepares Finland for the possibility that Russia may continue to exert pressure for a long time and in more serious and larger-scale ways.” the deportation act would, in the case of a national emergency, allow a temporary exception to the constitution under which border guards could block asylum seekers from entering the country and deprive them of the right to appeal. Poland, Lithuania and Latvia adopted similar laws in 2021, after Belarusian leader Alexander Lukashenko orchestrated a border crisis by attracting migrants from the Middle East and driving them towards the EU in retaliation against sanctions imposed by Brussels.

Human rights groups

 have criticized the deportation bill, arguing that it goes against the Finnish constitution, Helsinki’s international commitments, and EU law. “The rule of law in Finland has been shaken,” Pia Lindfors, director of the Finnish Refugee Advice Center, told POLITICO. “A green light to border violence”

The principle of non-refoulement in international law forbids sending asylum seekers back to countries where they may face persecution, torture, or inhumane or degrading treatment.

8 - For the Underground Helsinki and Underground Urbanism, please for

Underground Helsinki and Underground Urbanism.pdf

Underground Helsinki and Underground Urbanism.pdf

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A Simple video about Finland